What is Price Discrimination?
Industries that commonly use price discrimination include the travel industry, pharmaceuticals, leisure and telecom industries. Examples of forms of price discrimination include coupons, age discounts, occupational discounts, retail incentives and gender based pricing.
The purpose of price discrimination is to capture the market's consumer surplus. Price discrimination allows the seller to generate the most revenue possible for a product or service.
The 3 Types of Price Discrimination
There are 3 main types of price discrimination, named very simply as, first-degree, second-degree and third-degree. This ranges from unstructured price discrimination (car sales) through to more structured discounts based on age or demographic (students and OAP discounts). These are explained in more detail below.
First-Degree Price Discrimination
First-degree price discrimination means exploring/judging what your customers are willing to pay for an item and selling it at that price. Car dealers may exercise first degree price discrimination by looking at how a potential car buyer is dressed.
A potential customer who has the latest version of a phone and wears expensive clothes is more likely to be able to pay a premium for a new car – or that's what the dealer will surmise! This strategy can also require a business to profile its customers and offer personalised prices based on previous purchases, particularly online.
Merchants who use a customer's purchase history and data on comparison shopping behaviour to determine prices could however be vulnerable to possible consumer alienation.
Second-Degree Price Discrimination
Second-degree price discrimination refers to special deals and prices offered to customers who meet certain conditions or who are seeking certain special qualities. Buy-two-get-one-free offers, special prices for bulk purchases and premium packages are examples of second-degree promotions. Customers typically appreciate these opportunities as long as the rewards are obtainable and they are not accompanied with price increases to compensate.
This form of price discrimination allows your business to provide savings to customers who value "deals," to reward loyal customers with frequent purchase cards and to increase your margin on rare or premium items. Communications companies usually offer a packaged deal for Internet, phone and TV services at a discount to what consumers would pay for all three services separately.
Third-Degree Price Discrimination
Third-degree pricing offers special discounts to members of certain groups, such as students, OAPs, or children. These discounts are frequently reflected in restaurant offers, bus/rail fares and admission prices, but can also apply to retail prices on production of ID. Students and pensioners are given discounts because they exhibit high price sensitivity.
Third-degree price discrimination gives you the opportunity to expand your market by selling to a group that might not buy otherwise. It is rare to encounter resentment among customers who do not fall into the discounted group as long as you have not raised prices in general to compensate for the discounts.
Methods of Price Discrimination
Methods of Price Discrimination include:
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Coupons: coupons are used to distinguish consumers by their reserve price. Companies increase the price of a product and individuals who are not price sensitive will pay the higher price. Coupons allow price sensitive consumers to receive a discount. The seller is still making a profit.
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Age discounts: the price of a good or admission to an event is based on age. Age discounts are usually broken down by child, student, adult, and OAP. In some cases, children under a certain age are given free admission or eat for free. Examples of places where age discounts are given include restaurants, cinemas, and other forms of entertainment.
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Occupational discounts: price discrimination is present when individuals receive certain discounts based on their occupation. One example would be for members of the armed services.
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Retail incentives: this includes rebates, discount coupons, bulk and quantity pricing, seasonal discounts, and frequent buyer discounts.
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Gender based prices: in certain markets prices are set based on gender. A Ladies Night at a bar or club is a form of price discrimination.
Examples of Price Discrimination
Price Discrimination in the Travel Industry
The travel industry conducts a substantial portion of their business using price discrimination. Travel products and services are marketed to specific social segments. Airlines usually assign specific capacity to various booking classes. Also, prices fluctuate based on time of travel (time of day, day of the week, time of year).
If you are looking for a bargain flight with a low-cost airline, booking early with carriers such as easyJet or Ryanair will normally mean lower prices. This gives the airline the advantage of knowing how full their flights are likely to be and is a source of cash flow prior to the flight time.
Closer to the time of a flight with most airlines the fare rises, on the justification that a consumer’s demand for a flight becomes inelastic. People who book late often regard travel to their intended destination as a necessity and they are likely to be willing and able to pay a much higher price.
Peak and Off-Peak Pricing
Peak and off-peak pricing is common in the telecommunications industry, leisure retailing and with utility companies. For example, telephone and electricity companies separate markets by time - there are usually three rates for telephone calls: a daytime peak rate, an off peak evening rate and a cheaper weekend rate. Electricity suppliers also offer cheaper off-peak electricity during the night.
The reason for this price discrimination is that at off-peak times there is plenty of spare capacity whereas at peak times when demand is high the supplier may experience capacity constraints. Leisure Centres on the other hand will often charge more for evening and weekend attendances because this is when the majority of the public want to use the facilities. They want to encourage more users to attend during weekdays by charging less for admission during off-peak times.
Is Price Discrimination Good for the Buyer or Seller?
Benefits for the Buyer:
Expanded Access: Price discrimination can make products or services more accessible to a broader range of consumers. By offering discounts or lower prices to price-sensitive customers, producers can attract consumers who may have otherwise been unable to afford the product at a higher price.
Fairness: Price discrimination can be viewed as fairer by some consumers. It ensures that each customer pays a price that aligns with their willingness to pay, preventing situations where those who are willing to pay more subsidise those who are not.
Product Customisation: Price discrimination can enable producers to offer different versions or packages of a product at varying price points. This allows consumers to choose the product that best matches their needs and budget, providing greater flexibility and customisation options.
Benefits for the Seller
Increased Revenue: Price discrimination allows producers to capture additional consumer surplus by charging higher prices to customers who are willing to pay more. This helps maximise their revenue and profit.
Market Segmentation: By charging different prices to different consumer segments, producers can effectively segment the market based on consumers' willingness to pay. This enables them to target different customer groups and tailor their marketing strategies accordingly.
Improved Efficiency: Price discrimination can lead to a more efficient allocation of resources. By charging higher prices to consumers with higher willingness to pay, producers can allocate their limited resources more effectively and achieve a higher level of economic efficiency.
Is it Legal?
It's worth noting that while price discrimination can have benefits, it can also raise concerns, such as potential inequities or discrimination based on certain characteristics. It's important for producers to implement price discrimination practices ethically and legally, adhering to applicable regulations and ensuring transparency to consumers.
Charging different amounts for the same item to different people or to different groups of people is price discrimination - and as long as you can justify why you are charging different prices, such as implementing "children's meals" to attract families, it is perfectly legal. Similarly, wholesalers can offer price breaks for quantity purchases and they can offer customised merchandise but they cannot influence competition by limiting these offers to a few select retailers because doing so would harm excluded retailers.
Conclusion
Price discrimination may enable a business to turn a loss into a small profit - or a business activity can keep going, rather than close down. This is obviously beneficial for consumers because it increases their choice of goods and services. One example of this might be rail travel. Without off peak and peak prices train companies would make a bigger loss and may have to discontinue their service.
Price discrimination means that firms have an incentive to cut prices for groups of consumers who are sensitive to prices (elastic demand). These groups often have less disposable income than the average consumer. The downside is that some consumers will face higher prices.
Price discrimination is one way to manage demand. For instance, if there was no price discrimination morning rush hour trains would be even more overcrowded and it can be used to give an incentive for some people to go later in the day. This should mean that those who have to travel at rush hour benefit from less congestion.
Sources
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